开源软件在教育中的应用

上帝给了我一杯水，于是我饮入了生活.

** =**开源软件在教育中的应用**= 教育信息化的发展，“校校通”工程的实施，高等院校、中小学校的教育信息化水平不断提高，同时暴露出许多问题：学校及师生对软件版权意识薄弱，盗版软件泛滥；学校教师花费无数时间和宝贵精力向数千万的学生讲授微软等公司的产品，消耗着我国的巨大社会资源 [|[1]] ，造成教育系统对私有商业软件的依赖日益严重；在信息技术教育中，学生的主要任务是学习科学概念而非某种产品的技能培训，学生对私有软件的依赖，必然增加学生家庭购置软件的费用，是否可以找到更加价廉物美的软件来代替呢？随着这些问题的出现，教育工作者开始关注开源软件，不断探索开源软件在教育中的应用前景.

什么是开源软件
开源软件概念在 1998  年，由“自由软件运动”的理论家雷蒙德和  Debian  工程的创始人  Bruce  　  Perens  号召用“开放源代码软件”（简称“开源软件”）代替“自由软件”. 所以开源软件 [|[2]] (Open Source Software)  ，通常也称为自由软件，英文为  Free software  ，其中的  free  既有免费的意思，也有自由的意思，自由软件是指用户可以自由运行、拷贝、研究、改进的软件. 更准确地说，自由软件中的自由是包涵以下三种层次的自由： 1. 研究程序运行机制，并根据你自己的需要修改它的自由 2. 重新分发拷贝，以使其他人能够共享软件的自由 3. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">改进程序，为使他人受益而散发它的自由 <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">但是开源并不等于免费，部分开源软件采用的是“软件免费、服务收费”的“定购服务 (Subscription)  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”的商业模式. 同时，开源软件区别于商业软件、私有软件、免费软件、共享软件. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">商业软件 (Business Software)  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">，根据  Wikipedia  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">百科全书的定义，商业软件指有助于一种商业活动增加其生产效率的计算机软件. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">私有软件 (proprietary software)  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">是目前最为常见的软件形式，私有软件的使用、传播、或修改是禁止的，要么需要你申请许可，要么它限制你不能充分自由地使用它 [|[3]] <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. 私有软件一般不会提供软件的源代码，因为私有软件常用于商业目的，所以常有人把“私有软件”与“商业软件”相混淆. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">免费软件 (Freeware)  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">通常指那些允许分发不允许修改的软件包（不提供源代码） ,  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">这些包不是自由软件，因此不要用“  freeware  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”来指自由软件. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">共享软件（ Shareware  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）指共享软件允许用户分发该软件，但是任何人想继续使用它需要支付一笔许可费. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">共享软件不是自由软件，也不是准自由软件. 大多数共享软件不提供源代码，因此，不可能修改程序. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">共享软件不允许在不支付许可费的情况下进行拷贝和分发，即使出于个人的非盈利性的目的 [|[4]] <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.

<span style="font-family: 黑体; font-size: 14pt;">开源软件在教育中的应用
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在全球最大的开源网站 (sourceforge.net)  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">中，有关教育的开源项目有  3724  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个 [|[5]] <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. 再加上可以用于教育的服务器软件、桌面软件（办公类、工具类、游戏类等），可以说数量非常庞大. 常用开源软件可以分为服务器软件和桌面软件两类，与私有软件的比较如下： <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">常用服务器软件的比较 [|Ubuntu] <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、红帽  Linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、红旗  linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等  || Windows || Apache <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Tomcat  || <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Microsoft IIS  || Mysql <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  PostgreSQL  || <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> Oracle <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: DIN-Light;">、 <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Microsoft SQL Server   || Vsftpd <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Proftpd  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Samba  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等  || Server-U || courier cyrus qmail <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等  || <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Microsoft Exchange Server || snort nmap airsnort || <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Microsoft [|ISA Server 2006]   || Maboo <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Drupal  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、 Plone  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">动易 (  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">商业版  )  || Moodle <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Atutor  || BlackBoard <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Webct  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">新选择办公平台、 eGroupWare  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  NetOffice  || SharePoint <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等  || PhpBB <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Discuz! || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">动网 (  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">商业版  )  || LifeType <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  WordPress  || Oblog( <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">商业版  )  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">常用桌面软件的比较 Openoffice <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、 <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">StarOffice <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">   || <span style="font-family: DIN-Light; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: DIN-Light; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Microsoft Office  || FireFox || Internet Explorer || GIMP || Adobe Photoshop || Audacity || Sony Sound Forge <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Steinberg Wavelab  || IrfanView || AcdSee || Inkscape <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  TuxPaint  || Adobe Illustrator <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">，  windows  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">画图  || Eclipse || Visual Studio <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">套件  || Bluefish || Dreamweaver <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等  || Openttd <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  backup of risk  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  gnome games  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等  || QQ <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">游戏等商业益智游戏  || Scilab kicad gnuplot || MATLAB || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在教育的信息化建设中可以充分的应用开源软件为教育服务. 笔者认为开源软件在教育中的应用包括以下四个方面. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">通过分析 2000  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年颁布的《中小学信息技术课程指导纲要》和  2003  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">年颁布的《全日制普通高中信息技术课程标准》两个文件，可以发现基础教育阶段的信息技术课程总的来说可以分为  9  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个模块，其中有  8  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">个课程模块的教学都需要相应软件的支持. 中小学信息技术课程中普遍使用的是微软公司的 Windows  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Office  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等私有商业软件，购买这这些软件需要昂贵的许可费用. 如果只是完成信息技术课程教学任务，开源软件的费用几乎是免费的. 两者对比如下表： <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 1:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">信息技术基础  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">不涉及软件操作 || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">不涉及软件操作 || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 2:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">操作系统简介  || Linux || Windows || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 3:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">文字处理的基本方法  || OpenOffice || Microsoft Office <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Wps  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 4:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">用计算机处理数据  || OpenOffice Calc || Excel || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 5:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">网络基础及其应用  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">浏览器 Firefox <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">邮件客户端软件 Evolution  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Thunderbird <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">网页制作 Bluefish  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Screem  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">浏览器 Internet Explorer <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">邮件客户端软件 Outlook express  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Foxmail <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">网页制作 Dreamweaver  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  FrontPage  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 6:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">用计算机制作多媒体作品  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图形处理 GIMP <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">声音编辑 Audacity <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">视频处理 Kino <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">画图 Inkscape  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  TuxPaint <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">演示文稿 OpenOffice Impress   || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图形处理 Photoshop <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">声音编辑 cooledit  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Sound Forge <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">视频处理 Movie Maker <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">画图 Windows Paint <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">演示文稿 PowerPoint  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 7:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">数据库初步  || Access <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Foxpro  || MySql <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  PostgreSQL   || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 8:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">程序设计方法  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">文本 IDE FreeBASIC <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Freepascal  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Python  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Dev-C++ <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">可视化环境 Xbasic <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Lazanis  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  IDIL  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Eclipse  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">文本 IDE Quickbasic <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Turbo Pascal  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  TC  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">可视化环境 Visual Studio <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Dephi  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  JBuilder  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块 9:  <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">人工智能初步  || Visual Prolog <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  SICStus Prolog  || SWI Prolog <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  GNU Prolog  || <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">上表所列的开源软件并不比私有软件逊色，像 Linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Open Office  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">套件、  MySql  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  Eclipse  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  GIMP  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">相比对应的私有软件开出色. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">教育网站的作用是为了整合教育资源与服务，并对信息资源组织和有效传播 [|[6]]<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. 教育网站的主要表现形式有：面向专业领域的教育网站 (  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">例如， <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">心知网  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">：  [|www.xinzhi.info]  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、中国教育人博客：  [|blog.edu.cn]  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、在线教育资讯：  [|www.online-edu.org]  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）、区域性教育教研网站（例如，佛山教育信息网：  [|www.fsjy.net]  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、苏州教育博：  www.szeblog.cn  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）. 要建立此类教育网站，可采用门户网站系统 Mambo  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（  www.mambochina.net )+Blog  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">平台  LifeType (http://www.cnplog.com/)+  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">论坛  PhpBB( <span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[|www.cnphpbb.com] )  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">或  discuz!( [|www.discuz.net] ) +  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">知识库  MediaWiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（  www.allwiki.com/wiki/Mediawiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）等开源软件来完成. 步骤是：首先通过门户网站系统 Mambo  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">建立主站，  Maboo  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">核心系统包括内容管理、调查、  RSS  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">聚合、网站链接和广告模块等组件，除了核心系统外，  Mambo  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">采用模块化、组件和模板方式定制网站，可根据用户需求导入其它组件（例如：分类检索组件）、模块（例如留言板模块）和模板不断增加网站的功能，最后通过选择合适的模板就完成了主站的设计. 完成主站后， Maboo  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">系统还可以与其它开源软件进行整合以满足更高的要求，例如采用  Xoops+PhpBB+ LifeType +MediaWiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">形式. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">心知网 <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">就是采用  Mambo  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">作为主站系统再整合论坛  Discuz!( [|www.discuz!.net] )  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">架构成的. 开源软件基本上都支持 RSS  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在线阅读  /  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">采集、  TAG  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">标签等功能，这样便于对教育资源在知识管理层次进行有效共享与交流，避免了教育网站的“信息孤岛”现象. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">校园网旨在让教师和学生在教学过程中合理有效地利用互联网，改变传统的教学模式，促进教育观念、教学思想的转变. 校园网的应用，不仅可以大大拓展教师和学生的视野，而且有利于培养学生的创造性思维，提高学生获取信息、分析信息、处理信息的能力和适应现代社会的能力. 教师在使用互联网等现代教育技术的过程中，也将增强终身学习的能力，不断提高业务水平. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">较为完整的校园网络软件环境，一般包括新闻发布系统、协同办公系统、校园论坛或博客、知识库、课程管理系统、邮件服务系统和文件服务系统等. 要建立以开源软件为主的校园网，采用 Mambo+  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">新选择办公平台（  www.newchoice.org.cn  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）或  egroupware  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">协同办公平台   <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（  www.egroupware.org  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）  +Moodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">课程管理系统  )+PhpBB  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（校园论坛）  +LifeType  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（校园博客）  +  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（  MediaWiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）知识库  + Vsftpd(  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">文件服务系统  )+ courier(  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">邮件服务系统  )  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的形式完成. 新选择平台功能强大，采用模块化开发，可直接定制所需要的功能，此外，该平台除了具有类似 google  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">的全文检索、完善的权限管理和  Web2.0  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">功能外，最大的特色是直接用  Word  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">制作网页内容. 课程管理系统采用 Moodle( [|www.Moodle.org] )  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">，  Moodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">基于社会建构主义教育学设计开发的，  Moodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">由网站管理、用户管理和课程管理三大部分组成，其中课程管理部分包括作业、聊天、论坛、课程、测验、资源、  Wiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和  workshop  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等十一个模块提供定制，通过  Moodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">可以建立完善的用户管理、功能强大、安全性高的课程管理系统，适合教师与学生开始网络教学和研究. 东行记网络课程（ [|www.jeast.net/moodle1/]  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）和哈工大计算机科学与技术学院课程管理系统  (cms.hit.edu.cn)  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. 此外，在校园网建立校园论坛、校园博客和知识库为本校教师提供虚拟教研平台，让教师和学生共同参与到校本教育资源库的建设中来. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">网络虚拟教研平台具有提高教师的专业能力，激发教师的职业热情和创新精神，改变教师的角色认识和自我观念发挥重要作用. 通过开源软件可以创建开放、交互式网络教研平台，实现资源的交流与共享. 虚拟教研平台主要有论坛、博客、 Wiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、课程管理系统、  Wiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">知识库和个人网站等形式. 除了在教育门户网站上申请博客等个性空间开展虚拟教研外，教师个人还可以通过开源网站建立自己的网络虚拟教研平台. 笔者建议采用以下开源软件： PhpBB  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">或  Discuz! <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">建立论坛、 WordPress  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（  wordpress.org.cn  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）搭建个人博客、  MediaWiki  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">创建知识库、  Maboo  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">建立个人网站、  Moodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">建立课程管理系统. 具体步骤是首先申请域名，可以到西部数据（ www.west263.com  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）等网站申请，然后再申请虚拟空间，再次找到符合自己需求的开源软件，上传到空间并按软件要求配置，最后运行软件并按需求定制好模块，即可完成网络虚拟教研平台的建立. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开源软件大都采用 Linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">操作系统作为运行环境，部分开源软件既可运行在  linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">环境下，也可运行在  windows  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">环境下. 对于运行在服务器环境的应用软件，一般都采用 LAMP  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">架构来架设，即  : Linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（服务器操作系统）  + Apache  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（  Web  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">服务器）  + MySQL  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（数据库）  + PHP  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">（脚本语言）.
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">服务器软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开源软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">私有软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">系统类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">系统类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">系统类 ** ||
 * Web ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">服务 ** ||
 * Web ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">服务 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">数据库服务 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">数据库服务 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">文件服务 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">文件服务 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">邮件服务 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">邮件服务 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防火墙 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">防火墙 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">应用平台类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">新闻发布 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">新闻发布 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">课程管理 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">课程管理 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">协同办公 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">协同办公 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">论坛 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">论坛 ** ||
 * Blog ** ||
 * Blog ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">桌面软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开源软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">私有软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">办公类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">办公类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">办公类 ** ||
 * Web ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">浏览 ** ||
 * Web ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">浏览 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">工具类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图像处理 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图像处理 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">音频处理 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">音频处理 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图像浏览 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">图像浏览 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">画图软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">画图软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">编程工具 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">编程工具 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">网页编辑 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">网页编辑 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">益智游戏类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">益智游戏类 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">科学工程 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">科学工程 ** ||
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; msobidifontfamily: 宋体; msolist: Ignore;"> 一、  ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">应用于中小学信息技术教育 **
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">模块名称 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开源软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">商业软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">商业软件 ** ||
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; msobidifontfamily: 宋体; msolist: Ignore;"> 二、  ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">应用于教育网站建设 **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; msobidifontfamily: 宋体; msolist: Ignore;"> 三、  ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">应用于校园网站建设 **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; msobidifontfamily: 宋体; msolist: Ignore;"> 四、  ****<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">应用于网络虚拟教研网站 **

<span style="font-family: 黑体; font-size: 14pt;">开源软件在教育应用中的作用和意义
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">教育信息化建设包括硬件建设和软件建设两大部分，在“校校通”的政策实施下，部分学校已经建立了较为完备的校园网硬件环境，然而软件的建设却停滞不前，究其主要原因是学校重视硬件设备的投入而忽略了软件环境的建设，或是没有足够的资金和技术力量购买或开发教育软件. 开源软件在教育中的应用既可以解决教育成本的问题，又对信息技术教育具有重要作用和意义：

<span style="font-family: 黑体; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">节约信息技术教育成本，尊重知识产权.
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">在信息技术教育中所需要购置费用主要包括两个方面：一是软件成本  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">二是硬件成本. 当前在教育领域教师和学生使用的电脑的操作系统几乎全部是微软的产品，购买微软操作系统（ Windows  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）、办公系列（  Office  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）和编程工具（  Visual Studio  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）的费用相当昂贵. 如果学校和个人使用开源软件，采用操作系统（ Linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）、办公系列（  OpenOffice  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）和编程工具（  Eclipse  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">），首先购买软件费用大大降低；其次，开源软件运行所要求的计算机配置相对较低  (Linux  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">配置要求明显要比  Windows  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">低  )  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">，从而购置硬件的配置相对较低，进而节约硬件购置费用. 同时，使用开源软件不存在侵犯版权的问题.

<span style="font-family: 黑体; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">开源软件的性能、稳定性和安全性更高，节约维护成本.
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开源软件常被认为具有更高的性能、稳定性和安全性. 开源软件的社区开发模式更容易保证软件的质量，源代码在网络社区在开发者和大量使用者的共同测试和使用下，软件的错误（Ｂ ug  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">）能够很快被报告出来并打上补丁（Ｐ  acth  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">），这使得软件的性能、稳定性和安全性得到了提高，一些成熟的开源软件在这方面得到充分的体现. 例如：Ｗ eb  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">信息服务器软件  Apache  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、数据库  MySQL  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、开发工具  Eclipse  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. 正因为开源软件的 <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">性能、稳定性和安全性更高， <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">保证了系统良好运行，节约维护系统的成本.

<span style="font-family: 黑体; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">开源软件方便本地化和定制，对商业软件的依赖程度降低
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">由于私有软件的源代码保密，软件无法定制，学校、教师和学生被迫接受一些根本不需要的软件功能并为此支付费用；软件无法修改，只能一再地学习、培训以适应软件厂商的不断升级；软件的安全性无人保证，只得在明知无谓的情况下还一遍遍地下载补丁、以减少病毒和黑客的入侵……. 另外，商业软件本地化则受制于商业利益，当市场规模较小时，商业软件可能就不会被本地化，供当地用户使用. <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开源软件源代码公开及模块化，软件可以定制和修改以满足不同的用户需求，开源软件是由全世界范围内的志愿者自愿自发地组织在一个网络社区中，首先开发出全球能进入的“主流”（一般为英文版）产品，然后再根据“主流”产品再组织再开发，开发出适合本国国情的本地化产品. 例如： Moodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">是一个开源的课程管理系统  (CMS)  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">，支持模块／插件扩展功能，目前总共有  65  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">具语言包（  2007.2.24  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">），如果使用Ｍ  oodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">这类的开源程序建立课程管理系统，可以建立本地化、个性化的网络学习平台. 可以这么说，开源软件在教育中应用越广泛，教师与学生对商业软件的依赖程度降低了.

<span style="font-family: 黑体; font-size: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">适合培养学生的团队合作、深入研究和创新能力
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开源软件是采用“集体开发”、“合作创新”和“技术共享”的模式，在自由开放的互联网平台上，创意通常自下而上来自底层志愿者，通过这样的创新体系统进行软件的开发 [|[7]]<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. 在信息技术教育中，学校、教师和学生采用开源软件进行教学与学习，首先可以让学生从一开始受到开源思想的熏陶；其次对于学习者，开源意味着一种由开放源代码带来的更直接更快捷的学习方式. 再次学生在学习的过程当中，不断深入研究开源软件的开发思想和架构、不断与社区的志愿者们交流沟通，碰撞出思维的火花，想出创新点子，完善开源软件，学生的动手能力得到提高，同时培养了学生的团队合作、深入研究的和创新能力等.

<span style="font-family: 黑体; font-size: 14pt;">开源软件在教育中应用的思考
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">教育中应用开源软件虽然降低了教育经费、给教育信息化系统带来了更高的性能、稳定性、安全性和更好的灵活性，为信息技术教育注入了新的活力，但是，要真正地发挥开源软件在教育中应用的潜在价值还有很长的路要走： 1 <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、提高开源软件的透明度，丞待更多人的加入到开源软件的开发. 大部分开源软件都是一小部分程序员在做，如果有更多人参与进来，这样才能使得开源代码变得更透明，阅读代码的人多，代码利用就高，开源软件质量就会更好. 在信息技术教育中使用开源软件，能够为开源软件培养更多的潜在学习者、开发者，即他们由使用者向学习者转变，最后转变为开源软件的核心开发者，从而促进开源软件在中国发展，开源软件在教育中应用也会更广泛. 2 <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、增加开源软件的易用性. 除了一些成熟的开源软件像 Apache  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  mysql  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、  tomcat  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">和  Moodle  <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">等界面友好，在教育领域得到广泛应用外，大部分开源软件易用性较差. 开源软件的易用性首先要容易安装，其次是界面友好，用起来方便. 因为大部分开源软件没有足够的资源去设计友好界面和详细的手册，相比商业软件来说，这些开源软件还有待进一步开发. 如果在教育中应用开源软件，管理者还需要花费大量的时间去设计界面和开发模块，而设计界面和开发新的模块要求管理者具有很高的计算机编程知识和设计开发能力. 3 <span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">、需要更多的中国企业和个人加入到国际开源软件的行列. 目前互联网上有大量英文版的开源软件在教育中应用，而真正做到了本地化的开源软件相对较少，这说明中国企业或个人参加国际开源社区的开发工作还只是凤毛麟角，只有中国企业或个人不断参与到国际开源软件中去，积累经验，才能促进中国开源软件的发展，促进中国开源教育的发展，促进中国开源软件不断走上成熟的开源软件商业化道路，为开源软件的发展提供资金的保护，最终形成开源软件可持续发展的道路.

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